死亡 113例,其原因:肝癌广泛转移45例,食管静脉曲张大出血24例,自发性腹膜炎23例,肝性脑病14例,其他非肝癌相关性疾病7例。
氩氦冷消融治疗肝癌的优点是 [20] :①仅破坏肝内瘤组织,而保存较多未受累的组织,这对伴有肝硬化,肝储备能力差的肝癌患者尤为重要 [21] ;②由于流动血液的温热作用,邻近大血管的肿瘤可安全的接受冷冻治疗,而手术切除这些肿瘤是困难的 [22] ;③可有效地治疗多发性肝肿瘤;④其他局部疗法如射频,难以消融大于 5 cm的肿瘤,而冷消融可治疗这些大的肿瘤。
近年来发现,冷消融治疗肝癌后复发率可能低于手术切除后。 大鼠孤立性肝肿瘤冷消融治疗后生存率较之切除后为高 (23) 。 Allen等 (24) 将实验性肝癌大鼠分为2组,分别作肿瘤部分肝切除(切除30%)和冷消融。2周后,脾内注入肝癌细胞悬液。3周后处死动物,检查肝内肿瘤种植数目。 结果显示 冷冻组肝内肿瘤数明显低于肝部分切除组。有研究发现部分肝切除后,肝生成一系列能促进残存肝肿瘤生长的因子,尤其是碱性纤维生长因子(FGF-basic)增加 [25] ,而冷消融不会促进这种因子的生成 (24) ,可能这是肿瘤复发较少的原因。冷消融后留下的冷冻肿瘤组织可作为抗原,刺激肿瘤免疫产生。在冷冻组周围,常有明显炎症反应,主要是淋巴细胞,提示存在 抗瘤细胞的免疫反应 [26] 。如果以上研究得到进一步证明, 则对于即使可以切除的肝肿瘤,冷消融可能不一定亚于手术切除,而对于“不能切除或估计切除效果不好”的肝肿瘤,冷消融疗法不失为一很好的选择。
2.肝转移癌: 来自结肠癌转移、血清 CEA低水平、转移灶小、原发性肿瘤分化较好者,冷冻治疗效果较好。 Rivoire 等 [27] 报告 19例肝转移癌,140个转移瘤,冷冻治疗90个转移瘤。在平均28个月的随访期内,16例出现复发,但仅2例(10%)复发发生于冷冻部位,9例(47%)发生于残存肝 5例(26%)为肝外复发 。 Stubbs 等 [28] 报告 30 例大肠癌肝转移,肝内肿瘤 1~7.2cm 经冷冻治疗后,平均生存期 2~3月 。 Seifert等 (29) 自1996年起,应用冷消融治疗71例肝癌病人,其中除6例为原发性肝癌,其余为转移性肝癌,主要为结直肠癌肝转移。平均每例有肿瘤2.6个,5大小平均3.7cm,有36例联合肝切除。结果显示中位生存期在原发性和转移性肝癌分别为28和29个月,3年生存率分别为38%和43%,5年生存率分别为30%和33%。Ruers等 (30) 随访了30例结直肠癌肝转移手术中冷冻治疗的效果,无病生存率1年为35%,2年为7%,冷冻处局部复发率9%,总1 和2年生存率分别为76%和61%,中位生存期32个月。
3. 直肠癌 : Meijers 等 [31] 报告 进展期直肠癌 106例(45-92岁)接受冷冻姑息治疗后,局部症状完全缓解66例(62%),姑息指数[(症状改善月数/治疗后存活月数)×100]88%,半存活期33个月,17例(16%)症状中度改善,28例(22%)无效 。
4.肺癌: 冷消融对支气管肺癌的治疗目前仅限于 支气管镜下应用 。 Vergnon 等 [32] 应用支气管镜下冷冻,治疗38例不能切除性非小细胞性肺癌,26例(%)肿瘤缩小50%以上,该26例患者再接受放疗后,有17例支气管内肿瘤完全消失。Maiwand等 [33] 在9年内对521例进展性阻塞性气管支气管肿瘤患者进行了支气管下冷冻治疗,取得了改善症状,提高生活质量的效果,2年生存率15.9%。另在15例患者作剖胸直接冷冻,术后中位生存期11.6个月(6.8-68.2)。经皮治疗支气管外肺癌已有初步经验。Dupuy等 [34] 报告在CT引导下作经皮射频消融,治疗4例肺癌,取得良好效果。Marchand等 [12] 用类似方法治疗1例转移性肺癌,术后肿瘤形成空洞,1年后仍维持疗效。
经皮冷消融治疗肺癌,尚少报道。但在其他实质性肿瘤治疗的经验,提示可将这种 局部靶点冷消融技术,用于治疗肺癌,而且由于冷冻范围可较大,不会伤及大的血管,对肺癌的治疗可能更有效和安全。 我们给 120 例非小细胞性肺癌患者进行经皮冷消融治疗,随访时间超过 2 年。在 B 超或 CT 引导下,将穿刺导管经皮插入肿瘤中心进行冷消融。结果:治疗后症状改善率胸痛 78.5%,咯血 79.2% ,咳嗽 69.1% ,呼吸困难 72% 。 上述一种或几种症状改善的持续时间 1 - 21 个月,中位 13 个月;治疗后 3 个月,有 CT 复查资料者 98 例中, CR 25.5% , PR 41.8% ,微反应(MR) 21.4% , NC 11.2% ;有 48 例( 40% )在随访期出现肿瘤复发, 12 例( 10% )在肺外出现转移灶。目前仍生存的 84 例中,最长已生存 24 个月。生存率:6 个月 64% ; 12 个月 55% ; 18 个月 44% ; 24 个月 36% 。并发症:2 例并发气胸, 4 例并发血胸, 5 例并发肺部感染,经对症处理后消失。
对于支气管癌,可采用氩氦冷消融与光动力疗法联合治疗,以 分别消除支气管外和内的病变,两者相辅相成 。我们有 41例 非小细胞性阻塞性肺癌 患者,或者因为肿瘤局部进展(按TNM分期为Ⅲb期),或者因为肺功能差(严重阻塞性肺病),被认为是不能切除性的。先予光动力疗法。静脉注射光敏剂Photofrin 2mg/kg(或血卟啉5mg/kg,华鼎药业),48和72小时分别在支气管镜下输入630nm红色激光照射;再在B超或CT引导下通过氩氦系统进行经皮冷消融。 按症状、肿瘤大小和生存期判断疗效。治疗后, 90.2 %的患者主观症状有不同程度改善,
症状积分治疗后明显降低 ,呼吸困难的改善最为明显;支气管镜复查,发现全部患者支气管内肿瘤均得到不同程度消融,其中41.5%完全消失;CT复查发现肺内肿瘤CR 34.1%,PR 41.4%;X线片上,原有肺塌陷的病例中29.6%的塌陷完全消失,70.4%的肺塌陷减轻;半年和1年生存率分别达44和71%。无论光动力抑或经皮氩氦系统冷消融,均未发生严重并发症。
副作用
冷消融是一种相对安全的治疗方法 [35] 。暂时性血小板减少和低血糖也可发生,大肿瘤(大于 5cm)患者治疗后可发生凝血异常。肝肿瘤如邻近膈顶部,术后可发生胸腔积液。肝包膜裂开是最严重的并发症,发生在复温过程中,多数通过保守治疗可以控制,我们见到1例。有学者报道可并发冷休克,表现为不同程度的肾衰竭、弥漫性血管内凝血和成人呼吸窘迫综合征,其发生与冷冻的组织容量(>40%)成正比,大于6 cm的肿瘤冷冻后易发生 ,但我们治疗的病例中大于 10 cm的肿瘤冷消融后并未发生此种并发症。有认为冷冻时间比之冷冻组织容量对于冷休克发生更为重要 [18] 。不管怎样,应积极预防这种严重并发症,对所有病例应给予利尿剂和甘露醇,碱化尿,以防止肌红蛋白尿和由此引起的肾损伤。
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