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结论:
经皮冷消融为不能手术切除的HCC提供了相对安全而有效的治疗手段,在经过选择的病例,其与PET联合应用可替代部分肝切除术。
[关键词]
肝细胞癌、 冷消融、 经皮酒精注射治疗
作者单位:广州复大肿瘤医院,中国广东省广州市 510300
E-mail:xukc1818@sina.com
PERCUTANEOUS
CRYOABLATION IN COMBINATION WITH ETHANOL
INJECTION FOR UNRESECTABLE HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA
XU Ke-cheng, NIU Li-zhi, HU Yi-zhe ,et al.
Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital,Guangzhou
, 510300,China
[Abstract]
Objective To evaluate
the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous
hepatic cryoablation in combination with
percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI) for
patients with hepaocellular carcinoma(HCC)
not suitable for surgical resection.Methods
A total of 105 masses in 65 HCC patients
was underwent percutaneous hepatic cryoablation.
The cryoablation was performed
with the Cryocare system(Endocare,Irvine,CA,USA)
by using argon gas as a cryogen.Two freeze-thaw
cycles were performed,each reaching a temperature
of –180° C at the tip of the probe.PEI was
used in was given in 36 patients with tumor
mass larger than 6 cm in diameter,was given
since 1-2 weeks after cryoablation and then
once per week for up to 4 to 6 sessions.
Absolute alcohol(100%) was slowly injected
into periphery zone of cancerous tissue
in liver. Results During mean follow-up
duration of 16 months with a range of 5
to 21 months,33patients(50.8 %) are currently
free of tumor,21patients (32.3 %) are alive
with tumor recurrence,including bone metastases
in 2 patients, lung metastases in 3 patients,and
intrahepatic recurrences in remaining 17
patients, of whom only 3 developed a cryosite
recurrence. Among 41 patients who were given
followed up more than one year,there was
a total of 32(78.0%) who are alive,despite
of tumor recurrence. Eight patients (12.3
%) have died with their disease recurrence.Three
patients(4.6%) have died of noncancer-related
causes.Among 43 patients who had a CT scan
available for review,38 (88.4%) had a shrinkage
of tumor mass.Among 22 patients received
biopsies of cryoablated tumor mass,all biopsies
,except one, showed only dead or scar tissue.
91.3% of patients who had an increased serum
AFP precryoablatively, had a decrease of
AFP to normal or nearly normal levels during
postoperative 3-6 months. Apart from transient
increase of serum aminotransferase, bilirubin
and prolonged prothrombin time, the main
complications of cryoablation included liver
capsular cracking in one patients,transient
thrombocytopenia in 4 patients and asymptomatic
right-sided pleural effusions in 2 patient.
Two patient developed liver abscess at the
previous cryoablation site at 2 and 4 months,
respectively ,following cryoablation and
was recovered with antibiotics and drainage.
Conclutions Percutaneous cryoablation offers
a relatively safe and effective treatment
options for patients with HCC that cannot
be surgically removed, and its integration
with PEI, may be as an alternative to partial
liver resection in selective patients.
[Key words]Hepatocellular carcinoma;Cryoablation;Percutaneous
ethanol injection,Tratment
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肝细胞癌(HCC)是一种最常见的致死性癌肿,肝切除是目前唯一治根治性疗方法。遗憾的是,仅5%-10%新诊断的HCC适于作肝切除[1]。因此,一些替代治疗方法应运而生,包括局部消融技术,如冷冻(冷消融)和化学清除(酒精注射)[2]。冷消融是应用极低的温度破坏组织,证明可如同切除一样,用于治疗原发性或继发性肝肿瘤[3]。经皮酒精注射(PET)己知对小肝癌有效,但不适宜治疗进展型HCC[4]。我们应用经皮冷消融联合PET治疗不能切除性HCC,取得较好疗效。本文对该方法的有效性和安全性作一评价。
---材料和方法
----病例
2001年3月到2003年1月期内,共有65例HCC接受了经皮冷消融和PET联合治疗。男性47例,女性18例,年龄32-78岁,平均51岁。60例有乙型肝炎感染史,4例有丙型肝炎感染史。所有接受联合治疗的患者均签署书面知情通知。
43例HCC有肝组织学证实,其余病例的诊断系根据典型影像学(包括CT、磁共振和超声)和生化标志[如血清甲胎蛋白(αFP)升高]。44例患者肝内仅有1个瘤块,直径5.8-15cm,平均7.3cm,21例肝内有2-4个瘤块,大小为6.0-14.0
cm。65例患者共有105个瘤块,平均每例的瘤块数为1.6个。所有病例均无肝外转移证据。
除2例外,所有病例均有肝硬化,其中Child-Pugh分级属A级者38例,B级者25例。
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- 治疗方法
1.冷消融治疗:冷消融系采用Cryocare系统(Endocare,Irvine,CA,USA)完成,使用氩气作为冷却剂。将冷却刀(3、5或8mm)在超声引导下插入瘤块中心,作2个循环的冷却-复温。每次冷消融均要求冷却刀尖温度降到-180℃。冷却时间取决于超声监测下所见的“冰球”状况,一般先采用最大冷却速率冷冻15
min,然后复温5 min,再冷却15 min。要求肿瘤周围至少有1cm正常组织同时被冷冻。大于5cm的瘤块,常同时插入2-3根冷却刀,以保证整个肿瘤被冷冻。当冷却刀尖温度回升至0℃时,拔出冷却刀,立即用纤维素胶封闭穿刺道,以保证止血。
2.酒精注射:对36例瘤块直径大于6cm的患者给予PEI治疗。在冷消融后1-2周开始给予,然后每周1次,连续4-6次,其方法是将无水酒精(100%)通过20号针,在超声引导下,缓慢注入肿瘤边缘区,要求在超声上靶组织内出现“黑色染色”。每个部位最多注射酒精5
ml,每次总量不超过20 ml。 治疗后随访
治疗后1个月内,每周作一次常规肝功能试验;出院后每月随访1次,每次均测定肝功能试验和血清AFP。第一次肝CT扫描在冷消融后1个月内进行,以了解有无残存肿瘤,以后每3个月一次至6个月,再后每6个月作一次CT,以确定有无复发。
结果
一、病例状态和生存情况 所有病例均接受平均14个月(5-21个月)的随访。33例(50.8%)在平均随访期13.8个月内无瘤生存,21例(32.3%)带瘤生存,其中2例有骨转移,3例有肺转移,其余16例肝内复发,但其中仅有3例为原冷消融处复发。在随访超过1年的41例中32例(78.0%)迄今仍生存,包括复发和无复发者。8例(12.3%)死于肿瘤复发,系在平均7.8个月时发现肝内转移,总生存期为13.2个月。3例(4.6%)死于非癌性原因(死于心肌梗死、肺炎和肝衰竭各1例)。
二、肿瘤大小
在43例有CT复查资料的患者中,38例(88.4%)显示瘤块缩小,治疗前主要瘤块平均为7.9
cm(3.7-13.2 cm),治疗后缩小为5.6 cm(2.1-8.0 cm)。22例接受超声引导下冷消融瘤块活检,除1例外,活检均显示为坏死或疤痕性组织。
三、血清AFP水平
消融治疗前46例显示血清AFP升高,中位水平为367
ng/L(68-1 210 ng/L),治疗后3-6个月内42例(91.3%)AFP水平下降到正常或接近正常的范围,中位水平为59
ng/L,范围为12-365 ng/L。
四、并发症
全部患者治疗后1周内均有血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)升高,大多数升至治疗前水平的1-3倍,有8例升至10倍以上;有14例血清胆红素升高;5例凝血酶原时间延长。除死于肝衰竭的1例外,上述肝功能均在1-2个月内恢复至治疗前水平。1例在冷消融后6
小时发生肝包膜裂开,经输血等保守治疗后恢复;4例在治疗后1周内发生暂时性血小板减少症,其中2例接受血小板输注治疗;2例发生右侧无症状性胸腔积液,均为右肝肿瘤,邻近膈顶部,2-3周后胸腔积液消失;2例分别在2和4个月时于原冷消融处发生肝脓肿,经抗生素和引流治疗后康复。
大多数接受PEI的病例主诉注射后疼痛、发热和有酒精中毒感觉,均为暂时性,经对症处理后消退。无一例发生严重并发症。
讨论
不能手术切除的HCC预后很差[5]。化学栓塞可引起肿瘤缩小,但其本身并不比单纯支持疗法更能改善患者生存率[6]。我们采用经皮冷消融联合PEI治疗65例HCC,取得较好效果。在平均随访期16个月内,50.8%无瘤生存,32.3%带瘤生存。在随访1年以上的41例病人中,78.0%迄今仍生存。22例接受冷消融治疗瘤块的活检,除1例外,均显示为坏死或疤痕性组织。治疗前血清αFP升高的病例中,91.3%在治疗后3-6个月内αFP下降到正常或接近正常的水平。
我们的结果与其他学者的报道相似[7]。Crew等[8]报道40例肝肿瘤患者接受冷消融治疗,预期18个月生存率在HCC和结直肠癌转移患者分别为60%和40%。Lam[9]等给4例曾作过治愈性肝切除的复发性HCC患者作冷消融治疗,术后12-23个月全部健存。Sheen等[10]报道HCC患者冷消融治疗后平均生存期为36个月。Zhou等[11,12]报道23
5例HCC患者接受手术中冷冻治疗,1、3和5年生存率分别为78%、54%和40%。上述学者报道的冷消融治疗主要在手术中进行,侵袭性大,而本组病例全部接受经皮冷冻途径,属微创治疗。
冷消融通过直接和间接机制引起瘤细胞破坏。直接细胞损伤系由于细胞内和细胞外冰晶形成,溶质转移,引起细胞脱水和破裂;间接作用系血管闭塞引起瘤细胞缺血缺氧[13,14]。该疗法的优点是[15]:①仅破坏肝内瘤组织,而保存较多未受累的组织,这对伴有肝硬化,肝储备能力差的肝癌患者尤为重要[16];②由于流动血液的温热作用,邻近大血管的肿瘤可安全的接受冷冻治疗,而手术切除这些肿瘤是困难的[17];③可有效地治疗多发性肝肿瘤;④其他局部疗法如射频,难以消融大于5
cm的肿瘤,而冷消融可治疗这些大的肿瘤;⑤死亡的肿瘤组织留在体内,可诱发抗瘤细胞的免疫反应[18]。
冷消融形成的“冰球 ”内,以中心区冷却速度最快,温度最低,对瘤细胞的破坏也最严重;而周边区冷却速度相对慢,温度也相对较高,以致可能存在活存瘤细胞,特别是邻近肝内大血管的肿瘤,因为血流可减弱冷消融的作用。活存的瘤细胞可引起肿瘤复发。酒精可弥散入瘤细胞内,引起非选择性蛋白变性和细胞脱水,进而引起
凝固性坏死;继之发生的纤维化和小血管闭塞也可导致瘤细胞死亡。因此,在冷消融破坏绝大部分肿瘤组织后,在肿瘤的周边部给予PEI,可破坏残存的瘤组织,预防复发[18]。本组中,3
6例瘤块直径大于6 cm的患者在冷消融后1-2周开始接受PEI治疗。虽然由于未设对照组,难以判断其疗效,但在肝内肿瘤复发的17例中,仅有3例复发发生原先冷冻部位,显然与这种联合治疗有一定关系。
冷消融是一种相对安全的治疗方法[10]。血清转氨酶和胆红素暂时性升高为常见的不良反应,系肝细胞损害所致。暂时性血小板减少和低血糖也可发生,大肿瘤(大于5cm)患者治疗后可发生凝血异常。肿瘤如邻近膈顶部,术后可发生胸腔积液。肝包膜裂开是最严重的并发症,发生在复温过程中[13,17,19],本组中见到1例,多数通过保守治疗可以控制。有学者报道可并发冷休克,表现为不同程度的肾衰竭、弥漫性血管内凝血和成人呼吸窘迫综合征,其发生与冷冻的组织容量(>40%)成正比,大于6
cm的肿瘤冷冻后易发生[15] ,但本组中大于10 cm的肿瘤冷消融后并未发生此种并发症。有认为冷冻时间比之冷冻组织容量对于冷休克发生更为重要[10]。不管怎样,应积极预防这种严重并发症,对所有病例应给予利尿剂和甘露醇,碱化尿,以防止肌红蛋白尿和由此引起的肾损伤。PEI是安全的,本组病例中未见明显不良反应发生。
综上所述,冷消融为一些不能手术切除的HCC患者提供了根治的可能性;经皮途径具有微创的优点,相对安全,一般不会产生严重并发症,病人术后能快速康复。冷消融与其他局部治疗方法,尤其是PEI的联合应用,在选择性病例可替代手术切除,达到改善无瘤生存率的效果。
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